Triandis`s Scales‚ Individualism and Collectivism
Triandis et al
مقیاس های تریاندیس
Triandis‚ Leung‚ Villareal‚ & Clack‚ 1985
Self-reliance
1. I usually struggle through a personal problem by myself
2. One should live one's life independently
3. What happens to me is my own doing
4. To be superior‚ a person must stand alone
Closeness to the family
1. Parents of those children who won a award have every right to feel that they themselves have earned it
2. If a relative were in financial difficulty‚ I would help within my means
3. Children should feel honored if their parents received a distinguished award
4. If my younger brother or sister fails‚ I feel responsible
Interdependence
1. I usually feel that my relationships with others are more important than my individual accomplishments
2. It is important to me that I respect decision made by my groups (e.g. social‚ professional)
3. I usually sacrifice my self-interest for the benefit of my group
4. It is important for me to maintain harmony within my group
5. Before making a decision I like to consult widely
Hedonism
1. It is important to me to enjoy life
2. Work must be emphasized over pleasure
3. Too much emphasis on pleasure has weakened our society
4. One of the most important goals of my life is for me to be happy
5. Life should be fun
Competition
1. Wining is everything
2. It annoys me when other people perform better than I do
3. It is important to me that I do my job better than others
4. I enjoy working in situations involving competition with others
5. Cooperation is the law of nature
Family integrity
1. My choice of spouse is independent of my parents/family views
2. We should keep our aging parents with us at home
3. Even if I go to a college near where my parents live‚ I would rather rent an apartment
4. I want my aging parents to live with me in my home
Sociability
1. I like sharing little things with my neighbors
2. The well-being of my coworkers is important to me
3. People should volunteer their services to their community even if they aren’t paid
4. I like to close to my good friends
Triandis‚ Leung‚ Villareal‚ & Clack‚ 1985
Variation of the Idiocentrism-Allocentrism Scale
Samples of items
Perceived similarity
1. How similar are your views about what kind of work you should do to those of your neighbors or those who live in your dorm?
2. How similar are your opinions about the kind of education that you should have to those of your neighbors or those who live in your dorm?
3. How similar are your opinions about the kind of education that you should have to those of an average person of your nationality?
Total number of items: 37‚ Cronbach’s α: .89
Paying attention
1. When you choose an intimate friend (including a spouse)‚ how much attention would you pay to the views of your acquaintances?
2. When deciding what work to do‚ how much attention would you pay to the views of your coworkers?
3. When deciding what kind of education to have‚ how much attention do you pay to the view of your neighbors?
4. When deciding what kind of education to have‚ how much attention do you pay to the view of your coworkers
Total number of items: 38‚ Cronbach’s α: .94
Taking a trip
1. Suppose you are very eager to take a long trip‚ and your absence will inconvenience the people listed below. How much weight would you give to your desires as opposed to the desires of your mother‚ your father‚ your spouse or close friend‚ and your relatives?
Total number of items: 4‚ Cronbach’s α: .75
Investing money
1. Suppose you are planning to make an investment that is guaranteed to benefit your grandchildren and may or may not benefit you. You would miss the money and could use it to have fun now.
Would you do it?
Total number of items: 6‚ Cronbach’s α: .73
Lottery
1. Suppose you won a large sum of money at a lottery. Would you give nothing‚ a little of it‚ much‚ a lot of it‚ or all of it to your grandchildren‚ your children‚ your parents‚ or your spouse or close friend?
Total number of items: 4‚ Cronbach’s α: .68
Work request
1. Suppose that one of the persons listed below asked you to help with a job that takes about a week‚ during a time when you are very busy with your own work. How much help would you give? (e.g.‚ you parents‚ your closest friend‚ your children)
Total number of items: 6‚ Cronbach’s α: .86
Loans
1. Suppose on of the persons listed below needs the money you have been saving to buy a new car.
Your present car is sill running‚ but it is unsure how long it will continue to run. Would you lend the money? (e.g.‚ a relative‚ a friend‚ your parents)
Total number of items: 4‚ Cronbach’s α: .82
Honor about Nobel Prize
1. Suppose on of these people – your spouse‚ parents‚ friend – won the Nobel Prize. Would you feel somewhat honored that this has happened?
Total number of items: 6‚ Cronbach’s α: .81
Contribution to others winning Nobel Prize
1. Suppose that one of the persona listed below won the Nobel Prize. Would you feel that you have contributed‚ even though in a small way‚ to the success of a friend‚ spouse‚ parents?
Total number of items: 7‚ Cronbach’s α: .80
Triandis et al‚ 1986
Self-reliance with Hedonism
1. I would rather struggle through my personal problem by myself than discuss it with my friends
2. The most important thing in my life is to make myself happy
3. I tend to do my own thing‚ and others in my family do the same
4. One does better work working alone than in a group
5. When faces with a difficult personal problem‚ it is better to decide what to do yourself‚ rather than follow the advice of others
6. What happens to me is my own doing
7. If the group is slowing me down‚ it is better to leave it and work alone
Separation from In-groups
1. If the child won the Novel Prize‚ the parents should not feel honors in any way
2. Children should not feel honored even if the father were highly praised and given an award by a government official for this contributions and services to the community
3. In most cases‚ to cooperate with someone whose ability is lower than yours is not desirable ad doing the thing on your own
Family Integrity
1. One should live one's life independently of others as much as possible
2. It is important to me that I perform better than others on a task
3. Ageing parents should live at home with their children
4. Children should live at home with their parents until they get married
Interdependence and sociability
1. I would help within my means‚ if a relative told me that she is in financial difficulty
2. I like to live close to my good friends
3. Individuals should be judged on their own merits‚ not on the company the keep
Triandis‚ et al. 1988
Self-reliance and competition
1. If the group is slowing me down‚ it is better to leave it and work alone
2. To be superior a man must stand alone
3. Winning is everything
4. Only those who depend on themselves get ahead in life
5. If you want something done right‚ you’ve got to do it yourself
6. What happens to me is my own doing
7. I feel winning is important in both work and games
8. Success is the most important thing in life
9. It annoys me when other people perform better than I do
10. Doing your best is not enough; it is important to win
11. In most cases‚ to cooperate with someone whose ability is lower than oneself is not as desirable as doing the thing on one’s own
12. In the long run the only person you can count on is yourself
Distance from in-groups
1. I ma not to blame if one of my family members fails
2. My happiness is unrelated to the well-being of my coworkers
3. MY parents’ opinion is not important in my choice of a spouse
4. I am not to blame when one of my close friends fails
5. My coworkers opinions are not important in my choice of a spouse
6. When a close friend of mine is successful‚ it does not really make me look better
7. One need not worry about what the neighbors say about whom one should marry
1. Concern for in-group
1. It is foolish to try to preserve resources for future generations (-)
2. People should not be expect to do anything for the community unless they are paid for it
3. Even if a child won the Novel Prize the parents should not feel honored in any way
4. I would not let my parents use my car (if I had one)‚ no matter whether they are good drivers or not
5. I would help within my means if a relative told me that s(he) is in financial difficulty
6. I like to live close to my friends
7. The motto “sharing is both blessing and calamity” is still applicable even if one’s friend is clumsy‚ dumb‚ and causing a lot of trouble
8. When my colleagues tell me personal things about themselves‚ we are drawn closer together
9. I would not share my ideas and newly acquired knowledge with my parents
10. Children should not feel honored even if the father were highly praised and given an award by a government official for his contributions and service to the community
most likely 1-9; Cronbach’s α: .62 to .92
Triandis‚ 1994
Allocentrism-Idiocentrism Scale
1. It is important to maintain harmony with my group
2. Children should be taught to place duty before pleasure
3. My happiness depends very much on the happiness of those around me
4. The well-being of my group is a very important concern for me
5. I really like to cooperate with others
6. I usually sacrifice my self-interest for the benefit of my group
7. Before making a decision‚ I like to consult with many others
8. Children should feel honored if their parents receive a distinguished award if any of my relatives were in financial difficulty‚ I would help them even if it made my life difficult
9. If I a member of my group gets a prize‚ I would feel proud
10. Sharing little thing with my group makes me very happy
11. I feel we should keep our aging parents with us at home
12. to me‚ pleasure is spending time with others
13. I hope to disagree with others In my group
14. I would do what would please my family‚ even if I detested the activity
15. I would sacrifice an activity that I enjoy very much if my family did not approve of it
16. To me‚ pleasure is spending time with others
Triandis‚ 1994
Individualism (IND)
Are you the kind of person who is likely to
1. ask you parents to live with you?
2. stay with friends‚ rather than in hotel‚ when you do to another town?
3. place your parents in an old people’s’ home or nursing home?
4. prefer to stay in a hotel rather than with distant friends when visiting another town?
5. call on a friend‚ socially‚ without giving prior warning?
6. call your friends every time before visiting them?
7. to take time off from work to visit an ailing friend?
8. consult with your friends before buying an expensive item?
9. prefer going to a cocktail party‚ rather than going to dinner with four of your close friends?
10. spend money (e.g. send flowers) rather than take the time to visit an ailing friend?
11. carry references to relatives of friends when visiting a new place?
12. have frank talks with other’s‚ so as to clear the air?
13. decide to get married and then announce it to your parents and friends?
14. ask close relatives for a loan?
15. entertain visitors even when they drop in at odd hours?
16. get to know people easily‚ but it is also very difficult for you know them intimately?
17. entertain even unwelcome guests?
18. live far from your parents?
19. ask a bank for a loan when you need money?
20. show resentment toward visitors who interrupt your work?
21. have parents who make enormous (outsiders would say “unreasonable”) sacrifices fro you?
22. have parents who consult you fiancée parents extensively‚ before they decide whether you two should get married?
Triandis & Gelfand‚ 1998
Horizontal Collectivism
1. If a co-worker gets a prize‚ I would fee proud
2. The well-being of my coworkers is important to me
3. To me‚ pleasure is spending time with others
4. I feel good when I cooperate with others
Horizontal Individualism
1. I'd rather depend on myself than others
2. I rely on myself most of the time‚ I rarely rely on others
3. I often do my own thing
4. My personal identity‚ independent of others‚ is very important to me
Vertical Collectivism
1. Parents and children must stay together as much as possible
2. it is my duty to take care of my family‚ even when I have to sacrifice what I want
3. Family members should stick together‚ mo matter what sacrifices are required
4. It is important to me that I respect the decision made by my groups
Vertical Individualism
1. It is important for me to do my job better than the others
2. Winning is everything
3. Competition is the law of nature
4. When another person does better than I do‚ I get tense and aroused
Triandis‚ Chen‚ & Chan‚ 1998
Scenarios for measuring IND-COL
H=Horizontal‚ V=Vertical‚ C=Collectivism‚ I= Individualism
Scenarios for measuring IND-COL.
1. You and your friends decided spontaneously to go out to diner at a restaurant. What do you think is the best way to handle the bill?
HC: Split equally‚ without regard two who ordered what
VI: Split it according to how much each person makes
VC: The group leader pays the bill or decides how to split it
HI: Compute each person’s charge according to what that person ordered
3. You are buying a piece of art for your office. Which one factor is most important in deciding whether to buy it?
VI: It is a good investment
HC: Your coworkers will like it
HI: You just like it
VC: Your superior will approve it
4. Suppose you had to use one word to describe yourself. Which one would you use?
HI: Unique
VI: Competitive
HC: Cooperative
VC: Dutiful
10. Happiness is attained by
VC: Gaining a lot of status in the community
HC: Linking with a lot of friendly people
HI: Keeping one’s privacy
VI: Winning in competition
11. You are planning to take a major trip that is likely to inconvenience a lot of people at your place of work‚ during your absence. With whom will you discuss it‚ before deciding whether or not to take it?
HI: No one
VC: My parents
HC: My spouse or close friend
VI: Experts about the place I plan to travel to so I can decide if I want to go
13. Which one of these four books appears to you to be the most interesting?
HC: How to make friends
VI: How to succeed in business
HI: How to enjoy yourself inexpensively
VC: how to make sure you are meeting your obligations
14. Which is the most important factor in an employee’s promotion‚ assuming that all other factors such as tenure and performance are equal? Employee is or has
HC: Loyal to the corporation
VC: Obedient to the instructions from management
HI: Able to think for him- or herself
VI: Contributed to the corporation much in the past
15. When you buy clothing for a major social event‚ you would be most satisfied if
HI: You like it
VC: Your parents like it
HC: Your friends like it
VI: It is so elegant that it will dazzle everyone
17. In your opinion‚ in an ideal society national budgets will be determined so that
HC: All people have adequate incomes to meet basic needs
VI: Some pole will be rewarded for making brilliant contributions
VC: There will be maximal stability‚ law‚ and order
HI: People can feel unique and self-actualized
20. When people ask me about myself‚ I
VC: Talk about my ancestors and tier traditions
HC: Talk about my friends‚ and what we like to do
VI: Talk about my accomplishments
HI: Talk about what makes me unique
21. Suppose your fiance’(e) and your parents do not get along very well. What would you do?
HI: Nothing
HC: Tell my fiancé(e) that I need my parents’ financial support and he or she should learn to handle
the politics
HC: Remind my fiancé(e) that he or she should make a greater effort to “fit with the family”
VC: Remind my fiancé(e) that my parents and family are very important to me and he or she should submit to their wishes
23. Teams of five people entered a science project contest. Your team won first place and a prize of $100. You and another person did 95% of the work on this project. How should the money be distributed?
HC: Split it equally‚ without regard to who did what
VI: The other person and I get 95% of the money and the rest goes to the group
VC: The group leader decides how to split the money
HI: Divide the money the way that gives me the most satisfaction
24. Imagine you are selecting a band for a fund-raising event given by your organization. Which are the most important factors in making your decision?
HI: I really like the band
VC: My friends approve of this band
VC: The administration of my organization approves of the band
VI: The band will draw a large crowd
25. You need to choose one more class for next semester. Which one will you select?
VI: The one that will help me get ahead of everyone else
VC: The one my parents said to take
HC: The one my fiends plan to take
HI: The one that seems most interesting to me
28. You are at a pizza restaurant with a group of friends. How should you decide what kind of pizza to order?
VC: The leader of the group orders for everyone
HI: I order what I like
HC: We select the pizza that most people prefer
VI: We order a most extravagant pizza available
29. Which candidate will you vote for in the election for president of the student government?
HC: The one your friends are voting for
HI: The one I like best
VI: The one who will reward me personally
VC: The one who is a member of an organization important to me. The status of the organization will improve if that candidate is elected.
Evaluated as the % of time each option was chosen and the first choice.
شرح سایت روان سنجی:مجموعه ای از مقیاس هایی است که "تریاندس و همکاران"در مطالعات خود به کار گرفته اند.
اعتبار: در زیر هر مقیاس آمده است.
نمره گذاری: در زیر هر مقیاس آمده است.
چگونگی دستیابی
This instrument can be found at: http://ibrarian.net/navon/paper/Instruments_for_Measuring_Cultural_Values_and_Beh.pdf?paperid=5383441
Triandis‚ H. C.‚ Leung‚ K.‚ Villareal‚ M. J.‚ & Clack‚ F. L. (1985). Allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies: Convergent and discriminant validation. Journal of Research in Personality‚ 19‚ 395-415.
Triandis‚ H. C.‚ Bontempo‚ R.‚ Betancourt‚ H.‚ Bond‚ M. H.‚ Leung‚ K.‚ Brenes‚ A.‚ et al. (1986). The measurement of the ethic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology‚ 38(3)‚ 257-267.
Triandis‚ H. C.‚ Kashima‚ Y.‚ Shimada‚ E.‚ & Villareal‚ M. (1986). Acculturation indices as a means of confirming cultural differences. International Journal of Psychology‚ 21(1)‚ 43-70.
Triandis‚ H. C.‚ Bontempo‚ R.‚ Villareal‚ M. J.‚ Asai‚ M.‚ & Lucca‚ N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology‚ 54(2)‚ 323-338.
Schwartz‚ S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim‚ H. C. Triandis‚ C. Kagitcibasi‚ S. C. Choi & G. Yoon (Eds.)‚ Individualism and Collectivism: Theory‚ Methods and Applications (pp. 85-119). London: Sage.
Triandis‚ H. C. (1994). INDCOL. Unpublished research scale on Individualism and Collectivism. Champaign: University of Illinois.
Triandis‚ H. C. (1995). Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder‚ CO: Westview Press.
Singelis‚ T. M.‚ Triandis‚ H. C.‚ Bhawuk‚ D. P. S.‚ & Gelfand‚ M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research: the Journal of Comparative Social Science‚ 29(3)‚ 240-275.
Triandis‚ H. C.‚ Chen‚ X. P.‚ & Chan‚ D. K. (1998). Scenarios for the measurement of collectivism and individualism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology‚ 29(2)‚ 275-289.
Triandis‚ H. C.‚ & Gelfand‚ M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology‚ 74(1)‚ 118-128.