روانسنجی
اولین سایت تخصصی فارسی تست های روان سنجی ، روان شناسی

Cultural Perspectives Questionnaire (CPQ4)
Maznevski & DiStefano‚ 1995

The instrument was designed with in intent that it could be used for measuring cultural values at the individual level.
Nature of humans:
Good/Evil – the basic nature of people is essentially good (lower score) or evil (higher score).
1.    If supervisors don’t always check when workers come and go‚ workers will probably lie about how many hours they work
2.    In general‚ you can’t trust workers with keys to the building they work in
1.    3.You should be suspicious of everybody
3.    If employees don’t have to submit receipts for their expenses‚ they are likely to lie about how much they spent
2.    5.You cannot trust anyone without proof
3.    6.Some amount of corruption is inevitable in any organization
Changeable/Unchangeable – the basic nature of people is changeable (higher score) from good to evil or vice versa‚ or not changeable (lower score).
1.    Anyone’s basic nature can change
2.    In general‚ bad people cannot change their ways
3.    It is possible for people whose basic nature is bad to change and become good
4.    If someone is essentially a good person now‚ she or he will likely always be good
5.    It is possible to people whose basic nature is good to change and become bad
Relationships among people:
Individual: our primary responsibility is to and for ourselves as individuals‚ and next for our immediate family
1.    People tend to think of themselves first‚ before they think of others
2.    It is natural to put your own interests ahead of others
3.    Society works best when each person strives to serve his or her own interests
4.    Adults should strive to be independent from their parents
5.    An employee's reward should be based mainly on his or her own performance
6.    We should try to avoid depending on others
7.    Intimately‚ you are accountable only to yourself
Collective: our primary responsibility is to and for a larger extended group of people‚ such as an extended family of society
1.    The performance of one’s workgroup or unit is more important than one’s own individual performance
2.    Society works best when people willingly make sacrifices for the good of everyone
3.    Good team members subordinate their own goals and thoughts to those of the team
4.    An employee's rewards should be based mainly on the workgroup or unit's performance
5.    Every person has a responsibility for all others in his or her workgroup or unit
6.    It is important not to stand out too much in a team
7.    Every person on a team should be responsible for the performance of everyone else on the team
8.    One's responsibility for family members should go beyond one's parents and children
Hierarchical: Power and responsibility are naturally unequally distributed throughout society; those higher in the hierarchy have power over and responsibility for those lower
1.    A hierarchy of authority is the best form of organization
2.    People at higher levels should have a responsibility to make important decision for people below them
3.    Employees should be rewarded based on their level in the organization
4.    The highest-ranking manager in a team should take a lead
5.    People at lower levels should carry out higher level requests without questions
6.    Organizations should have separate facilities‚ such as eating areas‚ for higher-level managers
7.    People at lower levels in the organization should not have much power in organizations
Relation to Nature:
ma‎stery: We should control‚ direct and change the environment around us.
1.    We can have a significant effect on the events in our lives
2.    Given enough time and resources‚ people can do almost anything
3.    With enough knowledge and resources‚ any poor-performing business can be turned around
4.    Good performance comes from taking control of one’s business
5.    It’s important to try to prevent problems you may encounter in your life
6.    A good manager should take control of problem situation and resolve them quickly
7.    Humans should try to control nature whenever possible
Subjugation: We should not try to change the basic direction of the broader environment around us‚ and we should allow ourselves to be influenced by a larger natural or supernatural element
1.    People should not try to change the paths their lives are designed to take
2.    Most things are determined by forces we cannot control
3.    Whatever is going to happen will happen‚ no matter what actions people take
4.    We have little influence on the outcomes of events in our lives
5.    It is best to leave problem situation alone to see if they work out on their own
6.    One’s success is mostly a matter of good fortune
7.    It is better to be lucky than smart
Harmony: We should strive to maintain a balance among the elements of the environment‚ including ourselves.
1.    All living things are equal and deserve the same care and consideration
2.    It is our responsibility to conserve the balance of elements in our environment
3.    When considering the design of a new building‚ harmonizing with the environment surrounding the proposed building is an important consideration
4.    Many of the world’s problems occur because of our attempts to control the natural forces in the world
5.    The most effective businesses are those which work together in harmony with their environments
6.    It is important to achieve harmony and balance in all aspects of life
7.    It is important to achieve balance among division and units within an organization
Activity:
Doing: People should continually engage in activity to accomplish tangible tasks.
1.    It is human nature to place more importance on work‚ than on other activities
2.    Effective managers use spare time to get things done
3.    accomplishing a great deal of work is more rewarding than spending time in leisure (-)
4.    It is important to get work done before relaxing (-)
5.    Once you set a goal‚ it is important to work towards it until it is achieved (-)
6.    Sitting around without doing anything is a waste of time
7.    People who work hard are the ones who make society function
8.    Hard work is always commendable
9.    People who work hard deserve a great deal of respect
10.    One should live to work‚ not work to live (-)
Being: People should be spontaneous‚ and do everything in its own time.
1.    One should work to live‚ not live to work (-)
2.    It is important do to what you want‚ when you want
3.    People should take time off to enjoy all aspects of life‚ even if t means not getting work done
4.    You shouldn’t worry about working hard when you don't feel like it
5.    It is important to do what you want‚ when you want
6.    Quality of life is more important than financial accomplishment
7.    It is best to live for the moment
8.    If you don't like your working environment‚ you should quit your job
Thinking: People should consider all aspects of a situation carefully and rationally before taking action.
1.    It is important to think things through carefully before acting on them
2.    All business decisions should be analyzed from every possible angle before the are implemented
3.    People should always think carefully before they act
4.    Even if it takes more time‚ business decisions should always be made based on analysis‚ not intuition
5.    The outcomes of a business decision can be predicted accurately by a logical analysis of that decision
6.    A logical argument is as persuasive as visible evidence that something will work
7.    It is always better to stop and plan than to act quickly
8.    No matter what the situation‚ it is always worth the extra time it takes to develop a comprehensive plan

Nature of humans (.74)‚ Changeable/Unchangeable (.70)‚ Relationships among people (.65)‚ Collective (.71)‚ Hierarchical (.64)‚ Relation to Nature (.47)‚ Subjugation (.70)‚ Harmony (.80)‚ Activity (.58)‚ Being (.50)‚ Thinking (.71).

Scale: 1-7 Likert

This instrument can be found at: http://ibrarian.net/navon/paper/Instruments_for_Measuring_Cultural_Values_and_Beh.pdf?paperid=5383441

Maznevski‚ M. L.‚ & DiStefano‚ J. J. (1995). Measuring culture in international management: The cultural perspectives questionnaire. The University of Western Ontario Working Paper Series‚ 95-39.