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آزمون های باورهای تفکرغیر منطقی

فهرستی از آزمون های باورهای تفکر غیرمنطقی بر پایه دو مدل الیس و بک، و دو آزمون که بر اساس دو مدل یادشده نیستند ، ارائه شده است . شامل :نام ،نامی که با آن شناخته می شود، مولف ، تعداد ماده ها، مقیاس، آنچه می سنجد و نمونه ای از گویه هاست.

Irrational Belief Scales Based on the Ellis Model
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Belief Scale (BS)/No/ M.S. Belief Scale‚ MSBS‚ Irrational Belief Scale‚ IBS Malouff & Schutte‚ 1986 20 items/ 1 factor 5-point Likert Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Depression‚ neuroticism. “It is terrible when things do not go the way I would like.” “Life should be easier than it is.” “To be happy‚ I must maintain the approval of all the persons I consider significant.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Camatta & Na-goshi Scale/No/ NA Camatta & Nagoshi‚ 1995 10 items/ Not re-ported Not re-ported Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Research; Predictor of alcohol use problems. “It is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way I’d like them to be.” “I have little or no ability to control the sorrows and disturbances in my life.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Child and Adolescent scale of Irrationality (CASI)/ Short form (CASI- Revised)/ NA Bernard & Laws‚ 1987 44 items/ 6 sub-scales 5-point Likert Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly Emotional problems; Anxiety‚ depression in younger population. “I can’t stand ha‎ving to behave well and follow rules.” “It’s really awful to have lots of homework to do.” “Teachers should really act fairly all the time.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Common Beliefs Survey-III (CBS-III)/ Short form Ex-ists (CBS-II SF)/ NA Bessai‚ 1977 54 items/ 9 sub-scales 5-point Likert Unpublished; contact scale author for a copy Clinical instrument to distinguish clients from non-clients (clinical population not identified); Anxiety‚ depression. “There is a right way to do every-thing.” “Being approved by others is very important.” “A person can’t help feeling guilty about wrongdoings.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Ellis Emotional Efficiency Inventory (EEEI)/ No/NA Ellis‚ 1992 60 items/ 3 factors 5-point Likert Questionnaire: The elegant solution to emotional and behavioral problems Designed to measure an individual’s ability to cope with emotional dysfunction associated with awful zing‚ ego-disturbance and discomfort disturbance. “I often pity myself when people treat me unfairly.” “I am quite pessimistic and often see things in a bad or hopeless light.” “I often feel insulted and embarrassed.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Evaluative Beliefs Scale (EBS)/No/ NA Chadwick‚ Trower‚ & Dagnan‚ 1999 18 items/ 3 factors 5-point Likert Cognitive Therapy and Research Research; Nature of evaluative beliefs in individuals with anger disorders. “I am a total failure.” “People think I’m a bad person.” “Other people are worthless.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	General Attitude and Belief Scale (GABS)/No/Attitudes Belief Scale 2‚ ABS 2‚ A&B II‚ ABS II DiGiuse- ppe‚ Leaf‚ Exner‚ & Robin‚ 1988 72 items/7 sub-scales 5-point Likert Unpublished; contact scale authors for a copy Research; To unravel the dynamics of behavior disorders‚ the irrational beliefs behind them. “I can’t stand hassles in my life.” “I cannot tolerate not doing well at important tasks and it is unbearable to fail.” “I must be liked by important people‚ and I will not accept not being liked by them.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Idea Inventory/No/NA Kassinove‚ Crisci‚ & Tiegerm- an‚ 1977 33items/ 4 factors 3-point Likert Journal of Community Psychology To measure rationality across age (i.e.‚ developmental trends in rationality). “I feel like I’m a stupid person when I don’t do as well as my friends.” “I constantly worry about dangerous accidents occurring.” “I get upset and angry then my plans go wrong.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Irrational Beliefs Inventory (IBI)/No/NA Koopmans‚ Sanderm- an‚ Timm- erman & Emmelka- mp‚ 1994 50 items/ 5 sub-scales 5-point Likert European Journal of Psychological Assessment Research; Role of irrational beliefs in depression. Also phobias‚ OCD‚ pro-crastination‚ para-normal beliefs. “I hate to fail at anything.” “I often get excited or upset when things go wrong.” “I avoid facing my problems.
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Irrational Beliefs Survey (IBS)/No/Irrational Beliefs Scale Watson‚ Vassar‚ Plemel‚ Herder‚ Manifold‚ & Ander-son‚ 1990 11 items/ 4 factors 5-point Likert Journal of Clinical Psychology Research instrument; Designed to opera-tionalize Ellisonian irrational beliefs. “I am often upset over other people’s problems.” “It is easier to avoid some of life’s difficulties and responsibilities than it is to face them.” “I do not believe I am worthwhile unless I am thoroughly competent at everything I do.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	irrational Beliefs Test (IBT)/IBT Revised (Woods‚ 1992)/NA Jones‚ 1968 100 items/ 8 factors 5-point Likert Unpublished; contact scale author for a copy Research; To identify the role of irrational beliefs in depression‚ assertiveness‚ locus of control‚ self-esteem‚ social skills deficits‚ alcoholism. “I dislike for others to make my decisions for me.” “It is annoying but not upsetting to be criticized.” “I find it hard to go against what others think.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI)/No/NA Flett‚ Hew-itt‚ Blank-stein & Gray‚ 1998 25 items/ 1 factor 5-point Likert Journal of Personality and Social Psychology A measure of automatic thoughts that reflect personality factors associated with vulnerability to psychological disorders; specifically anxiety‚ depression. “Why can’t I be perfect?” “Things are seldom ideal.” “I am too much of a perfectionist.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI)/No/NA Shorkey & Whiteman‚ 1977 38 items/ 11 factors 5-point Likert Educational and Psycho-logical Measurement Clinical instrument for assessment‚ treatment planning‚ & evaluation of clients‚ by therapists who used RET. “I find that my occupation and social life tend to make me unhappy.” “I usually try to avoid chores which I dislike doing.” “I worry about little things.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Situational Self-Statement and Affective State Inventory (SSSASI)/No/NA Harrell‚ Cham-bless‚ & Calhoun‚ 1981 5 items/ 10 factors 5-point Likert Cognitive Therapy and Research Useful in assessing dimensions important to REBT; that certain classes of maladaptive cognitions are linked to emotional distress (anxiety‚ depression). There is also a SSSASI- thoughts measure. In response to situations; “I’ve really done a lousy job. I’ve let everybody down. My work just hasn’t been any good. I don’t think I can do any better.” “I wish I had done better. I still think my work is good and with a little more persistence‚ I will do better in the next contest.” “I guess it really is difficult for people to straighten things out some-times. I hope when we see each other again we’ll be able to talk without so much conflict.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Smith Irrational Beliefs Inventory (SIBI)/No/NA Smith‚ 2002 24 items/ 6 factors 4-point Likert Stress management: A comprehensive handbook of techniques and strategies Research instrument; Attempts to address the issue of the factor structure of irrational belief items “to identify a core set of replicable and meaningful irrational belief factors”. “I always need help on important problems.” “Things didn’t turn out like I wanted; this is a disaster.” “I’m just a failure.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Survey of Personal Beliefs (SPB)/No/NA Demaria‚ Kassinove‚ & Dill‚ 1989 50 items/ 5 factors 6-point Likert Journal of Personality Assessment Identifying irrational beliefs in clinical & university populations. Expression of anger‚ hopelessness‚ anxiety‚ depression‚ all due to the RET theoretical emphasis on irrational thinking. “There are some things in life that I just can’t stand.” “There are times when awful things happen.” “I clearly should not make some of the mistakes I make.”

Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Automatic Thoughts Ques-tionnaire-30 (ATQ-30)/Companion piece ATQ-N/ NA Hollon & Kendall‚ 1980 30 items/ 4 factors 5-point Likert Cognitive Therapy and Research Designed to measure automatic thoughts associated with depression. “I can’t finish anything.” “I’m a loser.” “My life is a mess.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Cognition Checklist (CCL)/No/NA Beck‚ Brown‚ Steer‚ Eidelson‚ & Riskind‚ 1987 26 items/ 2 factors 5-point Likert Journal of Abnormal Psychology Designed to measure the content-specificity hypothesis of the cognitive model by measuring the frequency of automatic thoughts relevant to anxiety and depression. “I will never overcome my problems.” “I’m a social failure.” “People will laugh at me.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Cognitive Triad Inventory (CTI)/No/NA Beckham‚ Leber‚ Watkins‚ Boyer‚ & Cook‚ 1986 36 items/ 6 factors 7-point Likert Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Role of the cognitive triad in the development and maintenance of depression. “I can’t do anything right.” “There is no reason for me to be hopeful about my future.” “My family doesn’t care what hap-pens to me.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Crandell Cogni-tions Inventory (CCI)/No/NA Crandell & Cham-bless‚ 1986 45 items/ 4 factors 5-point Likert Behaviour Research and Therapy A measure of frequency of depressive thoughts; designed to measure self-referent statements associated with depression. “Everything I do is a failure.” “I’ll never do as well as others.” “Nothing seems exciting anymore.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS)/Two parallel 40-item forms DAS-A‚ DAS-B/NA Weissman & Beck‚ 1978 100 items/ 9 factors 7-point Likert Unpublished; contact scale authors for copy Designed to measure Depressiongenic schemas constituting predispositions to depression. “Being alone leads to unhappiness.” “If I ask a question‚ it makes me look stupid.” “I am nothing if a person I love doesn’t love me.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	General Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CEQ)/No/NA LeFebvre‚ 1981 24 vi-gnettes/ NA 5-point Likert Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Measures cognitive errors linked to depression; Also looked at levels of depression in bulimia. “Last time you went skiing‚ you took a hard fall and got shook up. You’re supposed to go skiing this weekend but think‚ ‘I’ll probably fall and break my leg and there will be no one to help me.’” “You have been working for six months as a car salesperson. You had never been a salesperson before and were just fired because you were not meeting your quotas. You thought‚ ‘Why try to get another job‚ I’ll just get fired. ’” “Last night your spouse said s/he thought you should have a serious discussion about sex. You think to yourself‚ ‘S/he hates the way we make love.’”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ)/PBQ-Short Form/NA Beck & Beck‚ 1991 126 items/ 9 sub-scales 5-point Likert Unpublished; contact scale authors for a copy Examines role of irrational beliefs in personality disorders: Avoidant‚ obsessive-compulsive‚ dependent‚ narcissistic‚ paranoid‚ and borderline. “I am socially inept and socially undesirable in work or social situations.” “Unpleasant feelings will escalate and get out of control.” “I am helpless when I’m left on my own.”

Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE)/No/NA Watson & Friend‚ 1969 30 items/2 factors True/ False Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Assess degree of apprehension at the prospect of being evaluated negatively. “I often worry that I will say or do wrong things.” “I am frequently afraid of other people noticing my shortcomings.” “I worry about what kind of impression I make on people.”
Name of Scale/Other Forms/Also Known As Author(s) Number of Items/ Number of Fators or Sub-scales Rating Scale Source Original Purpose Sample Items	Penn State Worry Scale/ No/NA Meyer‚ Miller‚ Metzger‚ & Borkovec‚ 1990 16 items/1 factor 5-point Likert Behavior Research and Therapy Identify the role of worry in anxiety disorders “I worry all the time.” “My worries overwhelm me.” “Once I start worrying‚ I can’t stop.”